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        2021年1月18日 晚上
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            <h1 style="display: none">Early American Literature</h1>
            
              <p class="note note-info">
                
                  本文最后更新于：2021年1月19日 晚上
                
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            <div class="markdown-body">
              <h1 id="Chapter-1-Native-American-Literature"><a href="#Chapter-1-Native-American-Literature" class="headerlink" title="Chapter 1: Native American Literature"></a>Chapter 1: Native American Literature</h1><p><img src="https://gitee.com/FelixKent/blog_image/raw/master/img/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%871.jpg" srcset="/img/loading.gif" alt="Native American History"></p>
<h2 id="Background-Information"><a href="#Background-Information" class="headerlink" title="Background Information"></a>Background Information</h2><ol>
<li>Ancient traditions and civilizations: the Maya and the Aztec</li>
<li><strong>“Indian”</strong> a misnomer by Columbus </li>
<li>The indigenous (本地的) people from <strong>Asian hunters</strong> who crossed the Bering Strait 12,000 years ago</li>
<li>Population of over 10 million,  variety of cultures, spoke 350 different languages.</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="Native-Oral-Literature"><a href="#Native-Oral-Literature" class="headerlink" title="Native Oral Literature"></a>Native Oral Literature</h2><ul>
<li><p><strong>Feature of Native Oral Literature</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Content: sacred stories, folktales, and songs as part of the rituals of annual festivals, tribal traditions, and narrative accounts of gods and heroes.</li>
<li>Oral tradition: genre systems (speech, chant, song), transmitted almost entirely by <strong>word of mouth</strong></li>
<li>Stories have a performative dimension: <strong>sung as chants and songs and dramatized in ritual dances</strong></li>
<li>Much of Literatures grew up with the <strong>rhythmic accents of the ceremonial drum</strong>; took on a regularity of metric pattern which <strong>gave it the quality of poetry</strong></li>
<li>Repetition of Four </li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Major Types</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Origin Stories</li>
<li>Trickster Tales </li>
<li>Historical Narratives</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Literary Tastes of Different Tribes</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>The Sious preferred war tales</li>
<li>the Ojibwas preferred stories about sex</li>
<li>the Menominis liked tales of the supernatural</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Major-Stages-of-Native-American-Literature"><a href="#Major-Stages-of-Native-American-Literature" class="headerlink" title="Major Stages of Native American Literature"></a>Major Stages of Native American Literature</h2><ul>
<li>Traditional NAL<ul>
<li>originally transmitted almost entirely by <strong>word of mouth</strong> (Oral Literature)</li>
<li>composed in <strong>an Indian language</strong> for an Indian audience</li>
<li>consisted of sacred stories, folktales (Native Oral Literature)</li>
<li>an organic part of <strong>everyday life</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Transitional NAL<ul>
<li>represented by translations of Native Indian orators of the 19th century and memoirs of the Indian experience in relation to white dominance</li>
<li>related by Native Indians to white audiences</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Modern NAL<ul>
<li>The modern literature includes <strong>novels, short stories and poetry written in English</strong> by Native Americans of the 19th and 20th centuries</li>
<li>colorful imagination and ability to express their impression of life and nature in <strong>sonorous, musical words</strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="Contemporary-Native-American-Literature"><a href="#Contemporary-Native-American-Literature" class="headerlink" title="Contemporary Native American Literature"></a>Contemporary Native American Literature</h2><ul>
<li><p><strong>Development Stage</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>1st generation (早期部落社区的神话): N·司科特·莫马代（N. Scott Momaday）和莱斯利·马蒙·西尔科（ Leslie Marmon Silko）</li>
<li>2nd generation (关注社会问题，手法更现代，仍不放弃传统): 路易丝·艾得力克（Louise Erdrich）和舍曼·亚历克西（Sherman Alexie）。</li>
<li>3rd generation (第三代青年诗人和小说家): Eddie Chuculate</li>
</ol>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Feature of CNAL</strong></p>
<ol>
<li>Viewing injustice, violence, and despair as forces that influence Native American life, Native American writers </li>
<li>Explore both their rich heritage and their tragic loss of identity</li>
<li>Find themselves trapped between the white culture and a culture that is vanishing</li>
<li>Hence their literature forms a unique and significant part of American literature</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h1 id="Chapter-2-Literature-of-Colonial-America"><a href="#Chapter-2-Literature-of-Colonial-America" class="headerlink" title="Chapter 2: Literature of Colonial America"></a>Chapter 2: Literature of Colonial America</h1><p><img src="https://gitee.com/FelixKent/blog_image/raw/master/img/%E5%9B%BE%E7%89%872.jpg" srcset="/img/loading.gif" alt="Early Settler"></p>
<h2 id="Types-of-American-Dream"><a href="#Types-of-American-Dream" class="headerlink" title="Types of American Dream"></a>Types of American Dream</h2><ul>
<li><strong>Pilgrim Puritans</strong>: “City upon a Hill” (John Winthrop)</li>
<li><strong>South Colonists</strong>: “Vale of plenty”<ul>
<li>Captain John Smith (1580-1631): <ul>
<li><strong><em>A Map of Virginia and a Description of the Country</em></strong></li>
<li><strong><em>A Description of New England</em></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="American-Puritanism"><a href="#American-Puritanism" class="headerlink" title="American Puritanism"></a>American Puritanism</h2><blockquote>
<p><strong>Puritanism</strong> as a major source of cultural influence: <strong>“elect” group, “original sin” and “grace”</strong><br>A way of life that stressed <strong>hard work, thrift, piety and sobriety</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li><p><strong>Core Idea of Puritanism</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Total depravity of mankind, original sin</li>
<li>Unconditional election (not saved by work but by grace)</li>
<li>Limited atonement (only the chosen to be atoned, predestination)</li>
<li>Irresistible grace</li>
<li>Perseverance of the Saints (Pilgrims)</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Literature of Early Settlements</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>A literary expression of the Puritan idealism</li>
<li>Types of writing: histories, travel accounts, biographies, diaries, letters, autobiographies, sermons, and poems</li>
<li>Usefulness and Plainness: Utilitarian, polemical (辩论的), or didactic</li>
<li>Style: fresh, simple, direct and with a touch of spiritual nobility.</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><p><strong>Major Writers</strong></p>
<ul>
<li>Francis Higginson: <strong><em>New-England’s Plantation</em></strong></li>
<li>Anne Bradstreet: <ul>
<li><strong><em>The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung up in America</em></strong> (the first female poet in Britain and America)</li>
<li><strong><em>Some Verses on the Burning of Our House</em></strong></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>

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